|
0ne of the most important goals of modern health care care,
in addition to prevention of disease, is the development of active treatments
that control illnesses with minimum side effect to the body.
Both preventive and active pharmacological treatments
have been areas of long-standing expertise in Ayurvedic medicine, the ancient medical
system of India. As a rule, treatments in Ayurveda have been designed to be harmless while still
offering broad regulating effects for the body. This particularly applies to the group of natural
treatments termed "vitalizers"‘-defined in 1000 B.C. by the authority on Ayurvedic
medi-cine, Caraka Samhita. The concept of a vitalizer is similar to, and probably inspired the contempo-rary
idea of, "adaptogen," a term that was proposed in the 1950s by a Russian scientist,
Lazarev, of Russia’s
Institute of Marine Biology, Vladivostock.
According to Lazarev, an adaptogen is any pharmacological
agent that results in adaptive reactions to physical and psychological stress. The work
of Lazarev has been continued and expanded by his disciple, Izrail Brekhman. Brekhman’s
views on adaptogens have also been influenced by the work of Hans Selye, the endocri-nologist
who pioneered research on stress in the 1930s, and by Linus Pauling, a physicist and champion
of preventive medicine. In the early 1950s, Selye was among the first to suggest the importance
of the pharmacological control of stress, using the expression “adaptation energy” to explain
the energy needed to cope with a broad range of psychological and physical stresses.
In his book Man and Biologically Active Substances, Brekhman
describes the ideal char-acteristics of pharmacological agents considered
as adaptogens:
1. Safety of the adaptogen’s action
on the organism;
2. A wide range of regulatory activity,
but manifesting its action only against the actual challenge to the system;
kingdoms that have been recognized as adaptogens.’
3. Act through a nonspecific mechanism
to increase the nonspecific resistance (NSR) to harmful influences of an
extremely wide spec-trum of physical, chemical and biological factors caus-ing
stress
4. Has a normalizing action irrespective
of the and play a critical role in the body’s response to a direction of foregoing pathological changes.
While the most studied and popular adaptogen mechanism
of ashwagandha was studied and is ginseng root extract, there are several examples compared
to the similar mechanism of ginseng. In of natural components from plant and animal kingdoms
that have been recognized as adaptogens.
Ashwagandha
Withania somnifera (fam.
Solanaceae), also known by its
Sanskrit name ashwagandha, has long been used in Ayurvedic medicine as a rejuvenative
and a vitalizer. In a study that employed classic experimental evaluation of
adaptogens,
ashwagandha increased physical endurance of tested animals, prevented stress-related
dis-orders (e.g., gastrointestinal ulcers), and prevented stress-related
deletion of two im-portant substances in the body, vitamin C and the hor-mone
cortisol? Both substances are part of the “adaptation energy” system and
play a critical rold in the body's response to variety of stressful stimuli.
The adaptogenic for ashwagandha was studied and was compared to the studies
of ginseng.
In a 40 day double-blind study, the effects of ashwagandha
and ginseng on the mental acuity and psychomotor coordination and performance
of healthy volunteers were evaluated. The study showed that ashwagandha
was equal to or better than ginseng in improving problem-solving ability,
reaction time and physical performance under the applied experimental conditions.
Additional understanding of the adaptogenic properties
of ashwagandha comes from a double-blind clinical study assessing the effect of this herb on the
aging process in 101 healthy volunteers.’
The group of volunteers, 50 to 59 years old, agreed to
take ashwagandha daily for a year. As a result of this regimen, the process of aging as evaluated
in certain parameters was significantly slowed down as compared to individuals receiving a placebo.
For example, levels of the pigment melanin in the hair, which declines with age and is responsible
for graying, was increased in the group receiving ashwagandha. Aging-related loss of calcium,
assessed in nails, was significantly less in the group receiving ashwagandha. Up to 70 percent
of individuals who received ashwagandha reported increased libido and better sexual
performance.
Curcuminoids
Another example of an
adaptogen-like botanical with long-standing use in Ayurvedic medicine is Curcuma longa
(fam. Zingiberaceae), or tu-meric, known for its brilliant yellow color. Its active principles are known as
"curcuminoids," which are recognized for their broad biological activity and safety of use. The biological activity
of curcuminoids can best be described by the word ‘protective'. In addition to strong antioxidant
properties, these compounds have been found to possess anti-inflammatory activities comparable in
strength to steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs, as well as antiviral, antibacterial,
antifungal, antiparasitic, antimutagen, anticancer and detoxifying properties.’
According to our original research-preliminary
results of which are hereby reported-curcuminoids possess distinct mechanisms that
may explain their protective qualities.’ This protective activity has been defined by testing one
of the best-known properties of curcuminoids-their antioxidant properties. The two distinct
modes of curcuminoid antioxidant action have been identified as prevention of the formation of free radicals and intervation to neutralize the
already formed free radicals by the process of free-radical scavenging.
Research showed that curcuminoids had
significant activity in both antioxidant modes of action: prevention and intervention. It should be noted that some other natural antioxidants do not offer a combined prevention and intervention
activity and that the biological effectiveness of curcuminoids is owed, to a large extent, to the combined mechanisms of prevention and
intervention. Since curcuminoids may protect the integrity of the body by preventing free-radical assault and by
intervening to stop the assault, it is proposed to name curcuminoids and any similar compound a "bioprotectant." The outcome of ongoing research could show that the bioprotectant activity is a more practical
concept than that of the adaptogen, or that the bioprotectant mechanism describes a different biological action than that of an adaptogen.
Safe And Broad Action
The Ayurvedic adaptogenic and/or
bioprotectant compounds are not only single herbs, but, typical of this traditional medicine, a
multicomponent herbal and mineral formula. The ingredients in such formulas are usually arranged
according to their properties into three therapeutic groups: main-acting ingredients, supporting main-acting
ingredients and those that improve gastroin-testinal absorption and prevent any untoward
effects. The synergistic and antagonistic mechanisms among the various components ensure the
safety and broad action in the body.
One example is the Ayurvedic formula
Gabyr-Nirynga, or in translation, camphor combination.’ It consists of 23 herbs, natural camphor
and calcium sulfate. Camphor combination has been clinically proven effective in four
independent double-blind studies in Europe for a wide range of circulatory disorders.
If the difference between health and disease
could be imagined as the difference between a solidly constructed structure and a structure
unstable due to some missing elements, then an adaptogen or bioprotectant could be seen as the
missing element(s) that stabilize the structure and make it strong again. NSN
Vladimir Badmaev, M.D., Ph.D., is trained in
pathology. He is the author of many articles as well as a book on traditional medicine with an
Ayurvedic emphasis, Badmaev is vice president of science and medical affairs for Sabinsa Corp.,
an Ayurvedic manufacturer in Piscataway, NJ, Muhammed Majeed holds a Ph.D. in
Industrial Pharmacy and has more than 15 years of pharmaceutical research experience, including study of the pharmacological properties of
Indian herbal medicine. He is president and chief executive officer of Sabinsa Corp.
REFERENCES:
Caraka Samhita (1000 B.C.), Chikitsa Sthanam. The section
on therapuetics
compiled and published by Ayurvedic Society of India,
3: 1278,1949.
Brekhman, IL, and Dardymov, IV., Ann. Rev. Pharmacol.
9:419430,1969.
Selye, Hauq American Journal of Physiol-ogy 123:758-765,1938.
Brekhman, IL, “Man and Biologically Active Substances,”
The Effect of Drugs, Did and Pollution on Health: l-89, Pergamon Press, 1980.
Singh N., et al, I. J Crude Drug Rex, 20 (1): 2935,1982.
Kamick CR, Indian Medicine, 3 (2$):1- 5, AprilJuly, 1991.
Kuppurajan, K, et aL, “E f f e c t of Ashwagandha (Withinia
Somnifera Dunal) on the Process of Aging in Human Volunteers,”
Journal of Research in Ayureda and Saddai: 247~258,198O. Amman, H.P.T., and
Wahl, MA., Planta Med., 57: l-7,1991. Majeed, M., and Badmaev, V., “Antioxi-dant
and Free Radicals Trapping Prop-erties of Curcuminoids,”
Nutracon 95; Nutriceuticals, Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods.
July 11 - 13, 1995. Las Vegas, NV. 10. Ross, M., The Medical Post, Canada:
14, July 10, 1990.
|
